James Joyce Concept of Epiphany Essay

James Joyce idea of revelation is one worried about a move away from strict introspective philosophy towards common minutes in which the abstract understanding existing apart from everything else looks to a supernatural feeling of having a place, stunningness or motivation (Barry 2002). This is strikingly caught in two of his writings known as A Portrait of an Artist and The Dubliners. Utilizing two models taken from these two messages nearby studies set forward by certain scholarly pundits, we will endeavor to dissect his idea of revelation comparable to other critical abstract gadgets that he utilizes. In Joyce’s text A Portrait of an Artist, the story can be seen as moving ceaselessly from the thought of a target record of the real world. This dismissal of authenticity, pervasive in the pragmatist novel of the mid nineteenth century, brings about a specific type of vagueness that has come to characterize numerous kindred innovators. Separating from the related omniscient story styles of the previous periods, pioneer essayists started to take on an extraordinary scope of new structures and styles, one of which being the work of the revelation once in the past utilized normally in strict composition (Bennet and Royle 2004). In A Portrait of an Artist, this demonstrations in changing the point of view of reality that is being investigated by the creator, which is accomplished through an extravagance of vagueness as opposed to procedure of reasoning. This uncertainty is caught in a dubiousness in both the author’s story and the protagonist’s musings all through the content. For example, in one concentrate taken from the content communicating the contemplations of the heroes direct understanding, we can see this vagueness transform into a revelation that alludes to the experience itself and acts in consolidating it with other emotional encounters. For example, on impression of his own response or reaction to the immediate experience he is representing, the hero goes into the uncertainty of his own contemplations, expressing that: ‘O how cold and abnormal it was to think about that! All the dim was cold and unusual. There were pale unusual countenances there, extraordinary eyes like carriage-lights. They were the apparitions of killers, the figures of marshals who had gotten their demise twisted on war zones far away over the ocean. What did they wish to state that their appearances were so strange?’ (Joyce 2003, 59) In this concentrate we can see through the division of point of view and observation that the storyteller isn't watching, archiving or representing the experience of the hero. Or maybe, he is permitting the subject the opportunity to review the experience and, in doing as such, rise above both the target the truth being represented and the type of the scholarly capacity. This permits the cognizant psyche of the character to scrutinize their own immediate reaction and reconsider the truth existing apart from everything else by method of a revelation. This move in context from the truth being graphed by the omniscient spectator to that of an intelligent and equivocal record being drawn out in the portrayal of the experience itself is alluded to by the researcher and pundit Peter Barry. In his content Beginning Theory Barry recommends this is ’the loss of the real’, that he cautions can prompt legitimizing ’a insensitive lack of concern to suffering’ (Barry 2006, 89). Be that as it may, this loss of the genuine is maybe the direct opposite of what Joyce is endeavoring to bring out in his idea of the revelation. Fundamentally, the loss of the genuine is something of an enlivening of the supernatural denoting the start of a mental reality. This reason could maybe be viewed as a continuous flow that could be utilized to analyze the supernatural connectedness between the individuals and individuals from a network based on scholarly, just as target, reality. Through the procedures fused in this style of account it is conceivable to permit the peruser to see the mental truth of the character and approach their encounters, making the connection between target reality and the subject a semiotic one. In this sense, the revelation is a test to the peruser. Besides, the supernatural reality that it alludes to is likewise mainstream, as it alludes to the abstract understanding as the impetus, as opposed to any type of heavenly nature as an estimation. In Dubliners, we can see that the reason of Joyce’s city depends on the possibility of patriotism and innovation that was predominant all through Europe at his season of composing. This patriotism is exemplified in the city, which goes about as the wellspring of experience and reflection. From numerous points of view, this might be justifiably viewed as the trade for the supernatural God at the core of strict revelations. This is on the grounds that the object of the city is given as being in common sync with the individual‘s emotional experience. Basically, it is the impetus for the individual’s semiotic relationship with the world and the wellspring of their appearance. Basically, the city, or city life, is the wellspring of this supernatural revelation, which makes it a totally different condition to the goal and ghastly city of some of Joyce’s peers. In one concentrate, Joyce uncovers this supernatural second and how it joins with other experiential referents through the methods for the revelation. He expresses that: ‘Walk along a strand, unusual land, go to a city entryway, guard there old ranker as well, Tweedy’s huge mustaches inclining toward a long sort of a lance. 'Meander' through awned roads. Turband faces passing by. Dim caverns of floor covering shops, huge man, Turko the horrible, situated with folded legs smoking a wound channel. Cries of dealers in the roads. Drink water scented with fennel, sherbet. Meander along throughout the day. Might meet a looter or two. All things considered, meet him. Jumping on to dusk. The shadows of the mosques along the columns: cleric with a parchment moved up. A shudder of the trees, signal, the night wind. I pass their dim language. High divider: past strings twanged. Night sky moon, violet, shade of Molly’s new ties. Strings. Tune in. A young lady playing one of those instruments what do you call them: dulcimers. I pass.’ (Joyce 2007, 124) In this concentrate, we can by and by observe this move away from any target detail and move towards an intelligent and abstract record of the experience. Joyce depicts the city corresponding to the referential significance of every individual sign as the hero consolidates the record with their experience. This emotional and liquid record of the earth and its numerous inborn articles is then risen above by means of the revelation of the experience without reference to any God. Or maybe, it is the relationship with the city that summons such the delineation and apparently alive account. Alluding to this detail, artistic pundit Raymond Williams expresses that: ‘In Joyce, the laws and the shows of conventional perception and correspondence have clearly vanished. The subsequent mindfulness is extreme and fragmentary, emotional essentially, yet in the very type of its subjectivity including other people who are currently with the structures, the clamors, the sights and scents of the city, portions of this single and dashing consciousness.’â (Williams 1973, 1) Doubtlessly Joyce is aware of his utilization of the idea of revelation. No doubt in applying it in a common way, he is dismissing the idea of a God or goal supernatural truth. Doubtlessly this is on the grounds that Joyce accepts that it is simply the experience and the reflection as opposed to reaction of the person that can stir the supernatural domain and semiotic reality that exists in experience itself. Basically, without the thought of the revelation, the account would veer away from reality of experience itself and would nullify the extremely social and relative contraption that establishes our being. Book reference Barry, Peter. Starting Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002. Bennet, Andrew. and Royle, Nicholas. Prologue to Literature Criticism and Theory Harlow: Pearson Education, 2004. Joyce, James. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man London: Penguin Classics, 2003. Joyce, James. Dubliners Oxford: Penguin Classics, 2007. Williams, Raymond. The Country and the City London: Chatto and Windas, 1973.

Mayhem and Maiming

Pandemonium and Maiming Pandemonium and Maiming Pandemonium and Maiming By Maeve Maddox A progression of protection promotions exemplifies insurable fiasco as a man who causes different sorts of property harm. The advertisements consistently end with the character saying, â€Å"be shielded from commotion like me,† spreading that anarchy implies, â€Å"damage.† Anarchy imparts its source to the action word injure, which initially implied â€Å"to wound or cause substantial hurt or disfigurement.† In current use, mangle implies â€Å"to mutilate† or â€Å"to cripple.† Twin Blasts Kill 3 and Leave Scores Maimed, Wounded Kids disfigured, tormented in Syria, says dooming UN report Another age of disfigured veterans is getting back home with basic needs that overpower existing consideration offices and decimate their families. As a term in criminal law, commotion holds the importance of delivering physical injury on an individual. Commotion is a wrongdoing where enormous savagery is done onto the victim.â [] to demonstrate the respondent blameworthy of pandemonium, the arraignment needs to demonstrate that the litigant had malevolent goal to debilitate or deform, cuts or harms an ear, nose, lip or cuts off or impair appendage of someone else. (site of a Boston lawyer) In normal discourse, commotion is utilized to allude to any sort of savage conduct or confusion. A surfers’ occasion in Huntington Beach, Calif., finished in commotion late Sunday, as mob police were called to the avenues to scatter vicious groups and separate various battles. Akm Antivirus 2010 Pro is an infection that is causing mass disorder around the web by contaminating a huge number of PCs. Current anarchy in the monetary part opens up an open door for Nigeria to free itself of the political and financial malignant growth it has suffered for quite a long time. U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry said that Yanukovych must settle on ensuring the individuals that he serves the entirety of the individuals versus savagery and anarchy. The word mangle consistently signifies a devastating physical issue. Aside from legitimate use, disorder may allude either to physical injury or to vicious conduct that doesn't really prompt injury. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Vocabulary classification, check our famous posts, or pick a related post below:Passed versus Past5 Lessons for Mixing Past and Present TenseCapitalizing Titles of People and Groups

Anosognosia Condition and Anorexia

Anosognosia Condition and Anorexia October 18, 2019 PM Images, Stone, Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Symptoms Treatment Diagnosis Awareness and Prevention Perhaps one of the most troublesome symptoms of  anorexia nervosa  and other restrictive eating disordersâ€"especially for family members and treatment professionalsâ€"is the patient’s belief that he or she is not ill. The common consequence of not believing one is ill is that he or she does not want to get well.  Indeed, a patient’s lack of concern for the problem has long been a defining feature of anorexia nervosa. As far back as 1873, Ernest-Charles  Lasègue, a French doctor who was one of the first to describe anorexia nervosa, wrote: “I do not suffer and must then be well, is the monotonous formula.” Clinical studies, as reported by Dr. Vandereycken, have reported “denial of illness” to be present in as many as 80% of the anorexia nervosa patients surveyed. In some populations of anorexia nervosa patients, this percentage may be lower. Denial of illness is common in people with eating disorders. In fact, lack of insight into the severity of illness is a defining feature of anorexia nervosa. In a study by Konstantakopoulos and colleagues,  a subgroup of anorexia nervosa patients (24%) had severe impairment of insight.  They also found that patients with restrictive anorexia nervosa had poorer overall insight than patients with anorexia nervosa, binge-purge subtype. The diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa include a “disturbance in the way in which one’s body weight or shape is experienced.” Patients may be extremely emaciated, yet believe they are overweight. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), states: “individuals with anorexia nervosa frequently either lack insight into or deny the problem.” How Eating Disorders Are Diagnosed In earlier writings about anorexia nervosa, this lack of awareness of the problem was often called denial, having been first described when psychodynamic theories predominated. However, the condition has more recently been renamed  anosognosia. This term was originally used by neurologists to describe a neurological syndrome in which people with brain damage have a profound lack of awareness of a particular deficit. Anosognosia, or lack of awareness, has an anatomical basis and is caused by damage to the brain. More recently the term began to also be applied to psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Brain imaging studies seem to indicate a brain connection between anosognosia and these conditions.   The National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) reports that anosognosia affects 50% of people with schizophrenia and 40% of people with bipolar disorder, and is believed to be the primary reason that patients with these disorders often do not take their medication. Applying the term anosognosia to anorexia nervosa makes sense because we know that the  brain is affected by malnutrition. In a paper in 2006, Dr. Vanderycken wrote, “In many cases of anorexia nervosa, the striking indifference in the face of emaciation looks akin to the anosognosia described in neurological disorders.” In 1997, Dr. Casper wrote, “The lack of concern to the potentially dangerous consequences of undernutrition indeed suggests that alarming information might not be processed or might not reach awareness.” Someone with a malnourished or damaged brain may not be thinking clearly enough to use denial as an emotional defense mechanism. Compensatory Behaviors in Eating Disorders Implications Viewing anorexia nervosa through the lens of anosognosia has significant ramifications.  If an individual suffering a severe mental illness with  life-threatening complications does not believe he or she is ill, he or she is unlikely to be receptive to treatment. This increases the potential risks for medical problems as well as a long course of illness. These individuals may be incapable of insight-oriented treatment, which was, until recently, a common treatment for anorexia nervosa. This is one reason there is often a need for  more intensive treatment  such as residential care. It is also why  family-based treatment  (FBT) may be more successful: in FBT, parents do the behavioral heavy lifting of restoring a patient’s nutritional health. When someone with an eating disorder refuses to believe they are ill or seems disinterested in recovery, they arent necessarily being defiant or resistant. Its more likely that they are incapable of insight. Fortunately, motivation is not required for recovery if your loved one is a minor or is a young adult who is financially dependent. You can be firm and insist on treatment for them. Dr. Vandereycken writes that “communicating with someone who has an eating disorder but denies it is not easy.” He suggests three strategies for loved ones: Show support and concern (otherwise you will seem uncaring);Express empathy and understanding; andTell the truth. In summary, anosognosia is a brain condition; it is not the same as denial. Fortunately, the brain recovers with renourishment and a return to a healthy weight. Motivation and insight usually return in time for the individual to tackle the remainder of their own recovery. How Anorexia Affects the Brain Further Reading A review of research studies on anosognosia in mental Illness is available through the Treatment Advocacy Center.  Laura Collins has written about anosognosia in anorexia nervosa.

How Money Plays A Big Role - 1956 Words

How Money Plays a Big Role The Play, A Raisin in the Sun, written by Lorraine Hansberry, is a story about an African American family, the Youngers, who live in an awfully, small sized, ghetto apartment in Chicago. The Youngers include, Lena the mother aka Mrs. Younger, Walter her son, Beneatha her daughter, as well as Ruth her daughter in law and Travis her grandson. The Youngers, essentially, establish a decent perspective of how money, poverty, and racism all play a role in society as well as with money. Furthermore, this story exhibits how partnership fraud, â€Å"unemployment, inflation,†¦and corrupt mortgage brokers have shattered the dreams of many† (Piechocki, par. 1) people. The Youngers face many obstacles that consequently, friends, families, and lives get destroyed, just because of the hunger of money. The main theme is about an insurance policy check that was inherited by Lena, but her whole family plans on how they each want to spend the check. In the play as in America and in most countries, money can become a very important matter that influences all of a family’s decisions. Many people debate over the importance of money but to attain certain answers, they must know what money is exactly to them. For the Youngers, money was their life, their future, and could even be their destruction. Money is defined in many ways besides it being just a numbered, green piece of paper or a silver or brown coin. It can also relate to an object such as a chair, a shirt, or even anShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Created Equal By Milton Friedman954 Words   |  4 Pagesto recognize how much we benefit from â€Å"nature’s unfairness†. He goes into greater detail how an elite fighter such as Muhammad Ali makes millions of dollars every time he fights, but the people who watch his fights in return receive entertainment. Friedman used this example as one of the benefits of nature’s unfairness but other than an example he is trying t o say that some people work harder than others and that they should be rewarded more than others. Friedman also considered how luck and chanceRead MoreBack In The Day, Bruce Lee Had Gained Popularity In The1686 Words   |  7 Pagescontained. Starting from his first movie, â€Å"The Big Boss,† all the way to latest movie we’ve watched, â€Å"Way of the Dragon.† By studying his life and the movies he created, this paper will help reveal the ideas of race, specifically racism and the white knight theory, gender and gender roles in society, and how a character’s sexuality can be used to improve or degrade a character’s persona. Race and ethnicity play a pivotal role in our lives, informing how we see ourselves and the world. Many of BruceRead More sports salaries Essay1282 Words   |  6 Pagespoints fingers when the athletes do not live up to the standard of quot;role model.quot; Yet these fans that whine, moan, and point fingers are the same ones that pay hundreds of dollars to see these athletes play. They are the same ones that berate the justice system if an athlete is ever convicted, and they are the same ones that buy the shoes and other products endorsed by an athlete who claims to be anything but a quot;role model.† Society needs to reprioritize. Doctors, teachers, law enforcementRead MoreSocial Inequality : A Part Of Sports1080 Words   |  5 PagesThesis: Social inequality is a part of many issues other than sports, but it is a part of sports to do several issues such as gender roles, salary and stereotypes. The Significance: The significance of this topic of inequality in sports is that it does not just occur in sports. It happens all around us, you see social inequality happening at work places, schools, restaurants and many other places. Many people don’t see if because they don’t know what it is. Population: Many people think it onlyRead MoreA Raisin In The Sun And Cat On A Hot Tin Roof Analysis1714 Words   |  7 PagesHot Tin Roof by Tennessee Williams presents us how the American dream plays its role in two different families in the same period of time, 1950. These two plays demonstrate the readers how race and class difference impacts the growth of a family and highly impacts the generation that follows. In these two particular plays, two families lived in the same historical time period represents two different background race and class; which shows the readers how the class is the hugely impacted by the raceRead MoreSocial Forces in to Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee 768 Words   |  3 Pages Everyone in the world has their own identity; have you ever thought about what your identity is? Identity plays a big role in the world especially in America where not all identities are good. People might identify a wealthy person as â€Å"snotty rich† or a poor person as â€Å"defective† or maybe someone calls a man a woman when theyre really a man. Or maybe you call someone a terrorist just because they are middle eastern. The list goes on and on and thats why social forces influence identities and canRead MoreAnalysis Of Tartuffe And Punishment By Rabindranath Tagore870 Words   |  4 Pagesall the way up to the 1900’s, we have seen many ways how genders have been viewed towards the eyes of society. From taking care of their families to actually working, males and females had different gender statuses in the things they did and participated in. The different roles, perceptions and misperceptions that each gender role-played had a big influence in structu ring a particular society and managing how things were being run. In the short play Tartuffe, by Jean-Baptiste Moliere and â€Å"Punishment†Read MoreCan Money Buy Happiness?1324 Words   |  6 PagesCan money buy happiness? It’s a philosophical question that has been discussed for centuries and there is no simple answer. For example, Graham Hill in â€Å"Living with Less. A Lot Less† gives his input on this highly debated topic through a multitude of short anecdotes. She asked herself not if â€Å"Money can buy happiness,† but if money could â€Å"help buy happiness† (Rubin 293). She also brings up the idea of modest splurging and spending out as methods of using money to help one buy happiness. Rubin describesRead MoreA Raisin In The Sun Analysis768 Words   |  4 Pagesschool to become a doctor, and Ruth wants to move out of their current apartment. In the play A Raisin in the Sun, Lorraine Hansberry shows the effect of a deferred dream in Walt er Lee’s character. Walter Lee, at the beginning of the play is hopeful to reach his dream. He expresses his excitement to Ruth and explains how his family’s life would be different if he was able to reach his dream. Walter talks about how he is thirty-five years old, has been married for eleven years, and his son sleeps onRead MoreSummary Of A Raisin Of The Sun 1052 Words   |  5 Pagesconstantly scrutinized due to the overwhelming role that race can play to complicate that dream. Although, Lorraine Hansberry’s â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† may have been written in 1959. It’s one of the first pieces of literature that exposed what the American Dream truly meant for African-Americans. Throughout the play every single member of the Younger family struggles in the pursuit of their own dream. Everyone one of these dreams revolves around money, and we quickly realize that the Younger’s road

Top 10 Cutest Dinosaurs

Melissa Younan Twelfth Night Free Essays

However, Olivia does not return this sentiment an d has sworn off marriage while mourning the death of her dear brother. Under the orders of the Duke, Viola goes to Lady Olivia in pursuit to convince her to marry Rosin, though she herself has grown to love him. After the visit, Olivia sends her serve ant after Corsair, otherwise known as Viola in disguise, in order to return a ring that he had supposedly left at her manor. We will write a custom essay sample on Melissa Younan Twelfth Night or any similar topic only for you Order Now In her soliloquy, Viola is trying to come to a con occlusion as to why Olivia had sent the ring, knowing for a fact that she had not worn one. Fate r processing the events that occurred in their discussion and the ring predicament .NET, Viola realizes that the Lady has fallen in love with who she believes to be Corsair, a ND that he ring is a sign of her affections towards him. Completely unaware that Ices aria is not really a man, but a woman impersonating one, this adds more complication a ND conflict to the Story. By the end Of the soliloquy, Viola is left overwhelmed and unable to find a solution to the unfortunate love triangle she currently finds herself in. In the soliloquy, Viola uses logos to attempt to understand their hopeless situation and pathos to express her pity for Olivia. Viola uses logos when she begins to make connections as to how Olivia acted during their meeting. Viola uses logo s when she says, â€Å"She made good view of me; indeed, so much, / That sure method her eyes had lost her tongue, / For she did speak in starts distractedly'(Act II, scene ii, 676678). The quote shows how Olivia had repeatedly gazed at her and seem d distracted, which can only mean that she is in love with Viola/ Corsair. This appeal proves to be effective because it leads her to finish off the speech by discuss Eng Olive’s misplaced love. As for pathos, in lines such as, â€Å"Poor lady, she were better love dream†(683), and, â€Å"What thriftless sighs shall poor Olivia breathe†(696), Viola implies Olivia is chasing a fantasy and that since the man that she thinks she loves do s not exist, the only outcome will be her sorrow and misery. This can be seen as pat hose because it compels not only Viola, but the reader as well to feel compassion t awards Olivia. Also, when Viola begins to rant about how frail the hearts of women AR e and â€Å"how easy is it for the propellers / In women’s waxen hearts to set their forms! â€Å"(686687), she begins to understand Olivia and how she is not to blame for her misguided love for Corsair. This is both pathos and logos because not only is she feeling pity for women, such as Olivia and herself, but she is also using false 10 gig by eying that misguided love is caused by women having weak hearts. By the en d of the speech, Viola understands Olive’s love for who she believes is Corsair and empathetic with Olive’s feelings. Viola uses many rhetorical and literary devices throughout her speech as well in order emphasize and/ or make a point. She used examples of apostrophes such as â€Å"Disguise, I see, thou art a wickedness†(Act II ii 684) and â€Å"O time! Thou must UN tangle this, not l; / It is too hard a knot for me to untie! â€Å"(697698). When she states â€Å"Disguise, I see, thou art a wickedness†(684), she blames her disguise for making Olivia fall I in love with her. As for â€Å"O time! Thou must untangle this, not l; / It is too hard a knot for me to it is used to show how complex their situation is and how she can’t fix it alone. The apostrophes show how Viola eagerly wants to avoid the conflict a ND have it resolved. This is shown through how she pins the blame on a simple disguise and wishes that time will resolve the matter on its own. There is also alliteration in the speech such as â€Å"Fortune forbid† and â€Å"she did speak in starts†. The alliteration I s used to emphasize and show importance. For instance, in the sentence, â€Å"Fortune for id my outside have not charm’s her! â€Å"(675), the alliteration is used to show the reader r that Viola is worried about Olivia falling in love with her disguise, as well as to amp hassle Viola’s wishes to prevent more conflict and heartbreak to the reader. The sent once, â€Å"For she did speak in starts distractedly†(678), also shows the reader that Viola ha s come to the conclusion that Olivia is in love with Corsair, and catches the readers Tate notion to this fact. In my opinion, I think it is important to read and utilize rhetorical strategies in order to make conclusions about Shakespearean writing. I believe this is crucial I because in order for the reader to comprehend the speech itself, they must get a sense e of what is occurring prior to the speech. Because of this, the reader must analyze the re theoretical situation in the speech in order to understand the main problem, purpose, an d who the speech is really targeted for. Without knowing the situation, the reader would be lost and unable to fully comprehend why the speech is of importance. Therefore, it is one of the key points in understanding the speech. Also, if you’re unable to come to conclusion as to why Shakespeare included devices such as logos, pathos and ‘or ethos n the speech, you would not know whether he was trying make a logical point t, show the credibility of a character, or make the reader feel pity or emotion. How to cite Melissa Younan Twelfth Night, Papers

Costco Pay and Benefit free essay sample

Consequently, many of them are part of a union and hold strikes known as â€Å"Black Friday Strike†, to fight against their job dissatisfaction. Furthermore, Weissmann (2012) goes on to state that Costco is paying their employees â€Å"commendably† better. As demonstrated in figure one, the average wage for a Cost Co cashier, after 5 years of employment is approximately 64% higher than that of an employee at the Wal-Mart Empire (McArdle 2012). Moreover the commentary of Business Week Magazine quotes At Costco, its better to be an employee or a customer than a shareholder, says Deutsche Bank†. By showing generosity to employees, they are able to retain them (Commentary:The Costco Way 2004). This is unlike at Wal-Mart where are higher focus is made on shareholder value (Weissmann 2012). Additionally, no Costco employees are part of a union in Washington State (Frey 2004). This only goes to show that employees at Costco are generally satisfied and as such they have no need to join a union, as they have no criticisms on employee treatment. Despite remarks that Costco has more employee value than shareholder value, figure two demonstrates otherwise. Where Costco’s market price had risen constantly over the past 5 years, Wal-mart’s market price has been relatively constant (Yahoo Finance 2013). One particular employee was offer a biannual bonus and had been given time off paid after suffering health issues (Frey 2004). Moreover, Costco offers health care and life insurance although it should be noted that most companies, particularly in USA where health care is not free. As depicted in figure one, Cost co pays for 82% of their employee’s medical costs. However at Wal-Mart, only 50% of health care expenses are paid for, meaning the employee bears 50% of the costs. Additionally, Employees at Cost co can also add family members and de-facto partners to the program and increase their package (Costco 2013). Furthermore, they offer mental care to employees and their families (Costco Wholesale 2011). The 31 December 2012 annual report goes on detail that they do not attempt to minimise wages and benefits but to ensure their satisfaction and reduce employee turnover (Costco 2012). However Costco also has a share scheme where by employees at Costco are offered shares if they have been employees for a substantial period of time (Costco 2012). Additionally, employees also benefit from â€Å"retirement plans† if they complete at least 90 days on the job (Costco 2012). Although it is not offered to employees who are members of the California Union (Costco 2012). One could assume that this retirement scheme was offered to employees to reduce their turnover. Hence Costco will replicate in act of good faith. DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH In terms of the development and growth of their employee’s one motivator factor that creates much satisfaction is the fact that Costco promotes internally (Katsarski 2008). The chance of a promotion may motivate employees to perform better and to persevere with their employment. This is reflected by their low turnover rate (Katsarski 2008). In 2009, the turnover rate, for the average employee at Costco, was 12%, which was considerable lower than the industry average (Ruggeri 2009). (REQUIRE MORE STATISTICS) For instance, Sinegal explains that many managers started out at 19-20 years of age and have been employed by Costco for at least 10 years (Staff 2012). . It appears as though the CEO of Costco understands that employees have needs and desires to grow professionally. For this reason, opportunities for development are not only offered to long-standing employees, but also t. Figure ONE: Comparison Table | Cost Co| Wal-Mart(Including Sam’s Club)| Difference| Employee Starting Rate| $11| $10| $1| Wage after 5 years| $19. 50| $12. 50| $7| Health Benefit Costs paid for| 82%| 50%| 32%| Profit per Employee| $10,623| $7,428| $3,195| McArdle, M 2012, Why Cant Walmart Be More Like Costco? ’, The Daily Beast, 26 November, viewed 13 May 2013, Figure TWO: Movements in Market Price (listed share price) Yahoo Finance (2013) Costco Wholesale Corporation share price data 2008-2012, Yahoo Finance, viewed 13 May 2013 Figure THREE: Equity Theory Applied for Costco Ruggeri, A 2009, ‘Jim Sinegal: Costco CEO Focuses on Employees’, US News, 22 October, viewed 20 April 2013, Reference Costco Wholesale Corporation 2012, Annual Report 2012, Costco Wholesale Corporation, viewed 19 April 2013, Frey, C 2004, Costcos love of labor: Employees well-being key to its success, Seattlepi, 28 march, viewed 20 April 2013, Weissmann, J 2012, Whos Really to Blame for the Wal-Mart Strikes? The American Consumer, The Atlantic, 22 November, viewed 20 April 2013, Costco Wholesale 2013, Costco Employee Benefit Program Annual Open Enrolment 2013, Costco Wholsale, viewed 20 April 2013, Costco Wholesale 2011, Costco Employee Benefits Program Summary Plan Description, Costco Wholesale, viewed 13 May 2013, Commentary:The Costco Way 2004, accessed 30 April 2013, Ghillyer, A (2010), Management Now, McGraw Hill Higher Education Katsarski, S 2008, ‘Employee Motivation – The Key to Success’, Ezine Articles, 18 September, viewed 20 April 2013, Staff, M 2012, Jim Sinegal on Costcos Promote From Within Strategy and Why It Needs to Think Like a Small Company, Daily Finance, 21 June, viewed 13 May 2013, Ruggeri, A 2009, ‘Jim Sinegal: Costco CEO Focuses on Employees’, US News, 22 October, viewed 20 April 2013,